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SmCo Magnets: rare earth permanent magnet

Samarium Cobalt (SmCo) is an alloy of the rare earth metal samarium (Sm) with the metal cobalt (Co). Two crystal structures are suitable as permanent magnets: SmCo5, without additional alloying elements, and Sm2Co17 with iron, copper and zirconium as additional alloying elements.

SmCo5 and Sm2Co17 magnets are respectively the 1st and 2nd generations of rare earth permanent magnets. SmCo5 was discovered as a rare earth magnet alloy in 1966 and Sm2Co17 in 1972 by Karl J. Strnat at the U.S. Air Force Materials Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Sm2Co17 has improved magnetic properties compared to SmCo5, but is more difficult to produce. In the 1970s, Samarium-Cobalt was the material with the highest magnetic energy density until neodymium-iron-boron was discovered.

SmCo rare earth permanent magnets
SmCo arc magnets

Magnetic Properties of SmCo Magnets (2:17)

GradeRemanence (Br)Intrinsic Coercivity (Hcj)Coercivity (Hcb)Maximum Energy Product (BH)max
kGskOekOeMGOe
MaxMinRangeRangeMaxMin
YXG20L9.208.605-184.5-8.82218
YXG22L9.509.005-184.5-9.22420
YXG24L10.009.505-184.5-9.72622
YXG26L10.4010.005-184.5-102724
YXG28L10.8010.405-184.5-10.52826
YXG30L11.1010.805-184.5-10.63028
YXG32L11.4011.105-184.5-10.83130
YXG33L11.6011.405-184.5-11.03231
YXG34L11.8011.605-184.5-11.23332
YXG35L12.2011.705-184.5-11.23533
YXG209.208.6018-257.8-8.82218
YXG229.509.0018-258.2-9.22420
YXG2410.009.5018-258.6-9.72622
YXG2610.4010.0018-259.0-10.02724
YXG2811.1010.4018-259.5-10.52826
YXG3011.1010.8018-259.8-10.63028
YXG3211.6011.1018-2510.1-10.83130
YXG3311.6011.4018-2510.4-11.03231
YXG3411.8011.6018-2510.6-11.23332
YXG3512.2011.7018-2510.8-11.53533
YXG20H9.208.60>257.8-8.82218
YXG22H9.509.00>258.2-9.22420
YXG24H10.009.50>258.6-9.72622
YXG26H10.4010.00>259.0-10.02724
YXG28H10.8010.40>259.5-10.52826
YXG30H11.1010.80>259.8-10.63028
YXG32H11.4011.10>2510.1-10.83130
YXG33H11.6011.40>2510.4-11.03331
YXG34H11.8011.60>2510.6-11.23332
YXG35H12.2011.70>2510.8-11.53533

SmCo (2:17) of Low Temp. Coefficient and High Temp. Resistance

Grade
Sm2Co17
BrHcjHcb(BH)maxMax. Working Temp.Temperature  Coefficient
kGskOekOeMGOeαBr (20℃-150℃)
MaxMinRangeRangeMaxMin%/℃
YXG20LT9.28.6>207.8-8.82218350±0.005
YXG22LT9.59.0>208.2-9.22420350-0.0100
YXG24G10.09.5>208.6-9.72622500-0.0350
YXG22G9.59.0>208.2-9.22424550-0.0350

Manufacture and Applications of SmCo Magnets

SmCo magnets are usually manufactured using powder metallurgy. The alloying elements are first melted in a vacuum induction furnace, quickly cooled and then ground to a particle size of less than 10 µm, at which point only monocrystalline powder is present. The alloy powder is then aligned in a magnetic field and, depending on the process, pressed into a green compact at the same time. This is then followed by a dense sintering process in a vacuum or under protective gas. The magnets obtain their coercive field strength during heat treatment. 

From around 150 to 180°C, SmCo has a higher energy product than neodymium-iron-boron, which is why it is mainly used at higher application temperatures. But the better corrosion resistance, the lower reversible temperature coefficient or the better resistance to ionizing radiation can also make the use of SmCo worthwhile. By alloying the antiferromagnetically behaving gadolinium, the reversible temperature coefficient of the remanence can be reduced to zero or even reversed to positive values.

Due to the higher production costs of SmCo, the economic importance is lower than that of neodymium magnets. The material is used, among other things, in rotating electrical machines with permanent excitation, sensors in automobile construction or in chemical pumps.

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